1. All guns are always loaded.

Probably more people who have been shot unintentionally were shot with "unloaded" firearms than with any other kind.



2. Don't let the muzzle of the gun cross anything you're not prepared to shoot.

At conventional handgun ranges, if your gun isn't pointed at a person or object, you can't shoot that person or object.

Keep in mind that if the gun is pointed at an upward angle and it discharges, the bullet may travel a very long distance and strike a person or object you may not even see.

Similarly, many walls may not stop bullets, so rounds fired at walls may penetrate and strike a person or object on the other side.



3. Keep your finger out of the trigger guard, up on the frame of the gun, until the sights are on target and you're prepared to shoot.

Tradition places this rule as rule three; if I were starting fresh, I think I'd make it rule one.

Firearms do not discharge on their own. If, in the heat of battle or in total brain fade, you inadvertently point a firearm at someone you don't intend to shoot, they can't get shot if your finger is not inside the trigger guard.

Most guns are designed to be fired by a finger on a trigger. They are more natural to grasp that way, so the finger tends to drift there under stress. While a single-action pistol would seem more vulnerable to rule three violations, American police officers racked up countless unintended discharges in decades of using double-action revolvers, so it is essential to follow rule three regardless of the type of gun you're handling.



4. Always be sure of your target and what's beyond it.

The first part of this rule is absolute: you must always identify your target.

The second part of this rule is relative: in a sporting or training environment there is no justification for not knowing what is beyond your target. In a deadly encounter you may be forced to fire in circumstances where you may not even be able to see what is beyond your target. All the more reason to select ammunition which is not likely to exit its original target.



5. Maintain control of your gun.

Attorneys Michael Anthony and Robert Brown have researched civil litigation involving firearms and found that most successful lawsuits against gun owners involve incidents where someone other than the owner has accessed and misused the gun.

As a result, I have accepted their suggestion and now teach this fifth basic rule of firearms safety.

Make sure that you keep the gun within your control when you carry it. Guns in purses and other means of off-body carry are difficult to control, as are guns being shown to friends, stashed between couch cushions, placed in desk drawers, etc.

When you must store a gun that you are not carrying, take reasonable steps to limit access by unauthorized users. If you must simply disable it with a lock, a cable lock is preferable to a trigger lock - most trigger locks violate Rule Three.


Because we do actually unload firearms and also place them out of our immediate control from time to time, a corollary of Rule One and Rule Five, the condition check, is also worth learning:



Whenever you pick up a firearm that has been out of your control, even if only for an instant, open the action to determine that it is in the condition in which you want it, loaded or unloaded.

click" when you eA "xpect a "bang!" can be as deadly as a "bang!" when you expect a "click."


Secondary Safety Concerns

Eye Protection

* Eye protection is not intended primarily for catastrophic gun failures. Shooting glasses or goggles protect you primarily against smaller, lower velocity particles such as oil droplets off the slides of autoloaders, bullet shavings from revolvers and flying brass.

* Most of us shoot at least some of the time on a line with other shooters, who are more likely than we are to generate the threats to our eyes. It is mandatory, as far as I am concerned, to wear a baseball-type cap, the old-fashioned way, bill forward, if you are shooting in the presence of people shooting autoloaders. This helps keep their brass from getting trapped behind your glasses. Wrap-around glasses or side shields are a good idea, as well.



Hearing Protection

* Many firearms (and airguns) are loud enough when fired dry to cause hearing damage! Even target velocity .22 rimfire rounds mandate hearing protection.

* When sounds get loud enough, as they do with many centerfire loads, there is enough noise to be transmitted to the ear through bone. For this reason, plugs may not be adequate protection. Unfortunately, the seal of muffs is weakened by the earpieces of your shooting glasses so a combination of both is probably the safest proposition for your hearing.

* If you shoot at times in environments where it is crucial to hear things like range commands, you may want to consider active, electronic hearing protectors. These let in or even amplify lower level sounds but block excessive noise. You might even consider using these over foam plugs.



Toxic Substances

* Lead is a highly toxic substance which can eventually affect almost every organ system in the body. This happens when the body mistakes it for one of several healthy minerals which also have two positive charges in their salt forms.

* The risk to most shooters actually comes from repeated exposure to very small quantities of lead, rather than a few exposures to large quantities. Some of this repeated exposure occurs from very small particles we inadvertently carry into our homes.

* Lead mists are usually generated from bullets and primers when guns are fired, and may also be generated when bullets strike steel targets and the backstops of indoor ranges. I favor wearing a lead-mist-rated respirator on indoor ranges.

* I recommend wearing a cap while shooting and changing out of your shooting clothes and shoes before entering your living quarters. Wash your hands and the area around your mouth, including facial hair, with cool water and soap before eating, drinking and, if you haven't learned better, smoking and before leaving the range.

* Remember that most primers use lead styphnate, so picking up empties and reloading are also sources of lead exposure. I recommend the same lead and eye precautions for reloading as for shooting.

* When you clean your guns you not only may dislodge lead particles but you may be exposed to other hazardous chemicals. Do it outdoors, if possible, preferably before changing out of your shooting clothes. Consider wearing some inexpensive vinyl examination gloves while cleaning guns. Other than on my precision rifle, I have pretty much switched to one of the newer, water-based bore cleaners.
Shooting During Pregnancy

* Both lead exposure and very loud noise can be harmful to a developing fetus. I would advise restricting shooting during pregnancy to what is absolutely necessary for training and skill maintenance. Most of what follows has been adapted from an article by Teresa Wrobbel.

* To limit lead exposure:

* Use lead-free ammunition, if available.

* Shoot outdoors, if possible.

* Try to shoot when there will be few other people shooting; others may not be using lead-free ammunition.

* Use a lead-mist-rated respirator, particularly if you shoot on an indoor range.

* Avoid handling ammunition and empty cases if you do not use lead-free ammunition; have a partner do those tasks for you. Have someone else clean your firearm.

* Lessen the transmission of noise to the fetus by wearing several layers of clothing.


Dry Firing

* Dry-fire practice is essential to good shooting because it develops proper trigger control, the most important element to hitting your target with a handgun. It also violates rule one because it assumes that a firearm is unloaded.

* To do it safely you need to take a few precautions:

Guarantee that the gun is truly unloaded. Check the gun three (3) times by sight and touch to ensure that the chamber(s), as well as any magazine which may be in the gun, are unloaded. Do not have any live ammunition in the same room where you dry fire.

Aim at something which will contain the most powerful round which could be fired in your gun and which you can afford to sacrifice. TV sets will not stop most rounds. If you are not concerned about the replacement cost, make sure that the set is in front of something like a brick fireplace, which will stop a round. Interior house walls will not stop bullets! If you usually shoot .38's in your .357 Magnum, assume the inevitable screw-up will occur with a magnum load.

Don't mix dry-fire practice with drawing or reloading practice in the same session. You will be conditioning yourself to perform these skills subconsciously and will be at risk to complete the entire sequence inadvertently. Disable your handgun when practicing reloads by removing the slide from an autoloader or tying something around the top strap of your revolver.

If you wear the gun immediately after completing your dry-fire practice you must be particularly vigilant against the temptation to get in just one more perfect trigger squeeze.